Par pierrem.djongo | Vendredi 15 janvier 2010 | Le Messager
« Je voulais prendre femme. Jâai effectivement choisi une fille. Je vous donne son nom en off, et vous ne publiez pas. Lâaffaire remonte au 09 novembre 2009 quand ma fiancĂ©e et moi nous rendons Ă lâhĂŽpital central de YaoundĂ©, pour des examens prĂ©nuptiaux. Les infirmiers ont prĂ©levĂ© notre sang et nous ont demandĂ©s de revenir quelques jours plus tard .De retour Ă lâhĂŽpital ce jour-lĂ , je constate quelque chose de curieux. Le rĂ©sultat dâun seul examen est donnĂ©. Le mien. Et il est nĂ©gatif. Les laborantins nous disent que le sien est indĂ©terminĂ© .Nous repartons pour revenir quelques jours plus tard. Ma fiancĂ©e, qui, aprĂšs 15 minutes sort me dire quâil semble que cela va durer et que je peux dâabord mâavancer. Elle va rester rĂ©cupĂ©rer son rĂ©sultat. Mais le second doit attendre. Je ne comprends pas pourquoi. Finalement, jâaccepte dâattendre. Entre temps, je me suis dĂ©placĂ© pour lâĂ©tranger. Le mĂ©decin me fera tenir quelques semaines plus tard, une information dâaprĂšs laquelle ma fiancĂ©e a Ă©tĂ© examinĂ©e par deux grands hĂŽpitaux : lâhĂŽpital gynĂ©co- obstĂ©trique et pĂ©diatrique de Ngousso, et celui de Biyem-assi qui lâont dĂ©clarĂ©e sĂ©ronĂ©gative. Les papiers sortis de Ngousso et de Biyem-assi qui affichaient nĂ©gatif me seront refusĂ©s. Pendant mon sĂ©jour Ă lâĂ©tranger, je vais convaincre ma fiancĂ©e de subir un test de syphilis et de Chlamydiae trachomatis. A cĂŽtĂ©, je suggĂ©rerai au technicien de faire le screening test. Il sera positif. Câest le rĂ©sultat de lâhĂŽpital central finalement nĂ©gatif qui me rend curieux. Vous comprenez dĂšs lors quâil y a eu manipulation. Câest la raison pour laquelle je veux obtenir la vĂ©ritĂ© ».Valentine nous parle avec hargne. Lâhomme ne dĂ©colĂšre pas. Notre concitoyen pense que lâhĂŽpital lui aurait causĂ© sĂ©rieusement du tort, en le trompant sur lâĂ©tat de santĂ© de sa future Ă©pouse. Ce qui nous a amenĂ©s, nous autres honnĂȘtes gens Ă nous poser la question de savoir si notre sociĂ©tĂ© a dĂ©jĂ atteint ce degrĂ© de corruption et mĂȘme de mĂ©chancetĂ©. ResponsabilitĂ© oblige, Ă quel sort seraient dĂ©sormais vouĂ©s les milliers de Camerounais qui sont dĂ©pistĂ©s dans notre hĂŽpital du jour ? Et lâimage de marque de notre pays alors ? Il y a de quoi penser aux infirmiers bulgares au pays de Kadhafi. Mais oĂč se trouve la vĂ©ritĂ© ? La question nous conduit Ă la porte du Dr Kouanfack, le patron de lâhĂŽpital du jour, qui nous reçoit ce mardi 12 janvier 2010 Ă 17 heures. « FiancĂ©s ou pas, nous recevons individuellement. Nous sommes astreints Ă la confidentialitĂ© mĂ©dicale. Câest le malade qui dĂ©cide de la gestion de son rĂ©sultat. Si câest votre femme, elle ne devrait rien vous cacher. Les deux conjoints ont la libertĂ© de dĂ©voiler lâun Ă lâautre son rĂ©sultat. » . Monsieur Valentine a particuliĂšrement insistĂ© sur le fait que les numĂ©ros portĂ©s sur les fiches appartenant Ă sa fiancĂ©e et lui ne se suivent pas arithmĂ©tiquement. A cette question, le mĂ©decin rĂ©pond « ça nâa pas dâimportance ! Nous numĂ©rotons les tests dâaprĂšs les dispositions professionnelles. Lâordre arithmĂ©tique y importe peu. Cette jeune fille Ă©tait toute souriante pendant que son fiancĂ© se plaignait et se disait mĂȘme prĂȘte Ă se faire dĂ©pister de nouveau. » . Valentine le plaignant a vĂ©cu des scĂšnes qui lâont affectĂ©es, Ă lâinstar de ce frĂšre qui a monnayĂ© un faux test Ă Â cinq cents mille francs pour faire dâune jeune fille sa victime au nom du mariage. Toute enquĂȘte achevĂ©e, il serait dĂ©conseillĂ© dâentretenir le doute autour des institutions de santĂ© publique. Car mĂȘme si lâon ne peut pas nier la prĂ©sence des brebis galeuses, il reste Ă reconnaĂźtre la dimension sacrĂ©e de lâhĂŽpital qui doit communiquer pour permettre Ă chacun de mieux comprendre pour participer Ă la gestion de la citĂ©.
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Abstract
Background: Increased access to HIV testing is essential in working towards universal access to HIV prevention and
treatment in resource-limited countries. We here evaluated currently used HIV diagnostic tests and algorithms in Cameroon
for their ability to correctly identify HIV infections.
Methods: We estimated sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of 5 rapid/simple tests, of which
3 were used by the national program, and 2 fourth generation ELISAs. The reference panel included 500 locally collected
samples; 187 HIV -1 M, 10 HIV-1 O, 259 HIV negative and 44 HIV indeterminate plasmas.
Results: None of the 5 rapid assays and only 1 ELISA reached the current WHO/UNAIDS recommendations on performance
of HIV tests of at least 99% sensitivity and 98% specificity. Overall, sensitivities ranged between 94.1% and 100%, while
specificities were 88.0% to 98.8%. The combination of all assays generated up to 9% of samples with indeterminate HIV
status, because they reacted discordantly with at least one of the different tests. Including HIV indeterminate samples in test
efficiency calculations significantly decreased specificities to a range from 77.9% to 98.0%. Finally, two rapid assays failed to
detect all HIV-1 group O variants tested, with one rapid test detecting only 2 out of 10 group O specimens.
Conclusion: In the era of ART scaling-up in Africa, significant proportions of false positive but also false negative results are
still observed with HIV screening tests commonly used in Africa, resulting in inadequate treatment and prevention
strategies. Depending on tests or algorithms used, up to 6% of HIV-1 M and 80% of HIV-1 O infected patients in Cameroon
do not receive ART and adequate counseling to prevent further transmission due to low sensitivities. Also, the use of tests
with low specificities could imply inclusion of up to 12% HIV negative people in ART programs and increase budgets in
addition to inconveniences caused to patients.
Citation: Aghokeng AF, Mpoudi-Ngole E, Dimodi H, Atem-Tambe A, Tongo M, et al. (2009) Inaccurate Diagnosis of HIV-1 Group M and O Is a Key Challenge for
Ongoing Universal Access to Antiretroviral Treatment and HIV Prevention in Cameroon. PLoS ONE 4(11): e7702. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007702
Editor: Nitika Pant Pai, McGill University Health Center, Montreal Chest Institute, Canada
Received July 18, 2009; Accepted October 13, 2009; Published November 6, 2009
Copyright: 2009 Aghokeng et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits
unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This study was supported by grants from the Cameroonian Ministry of Public Health and the French Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement
(IRD). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Inaccurate diagnosis of HIV-1 group M and O is a key challenge for ongoing universal access to
antiretroviral treatment and HIV prevention in Cameroon.
Aghokeng AF, Mpoudi-Ngole E, Dimodi H, Atem-Tambe A, Tongo M, Butel C, Delaporte E, Peeters M.
PLoS One. 2009 ;4:e7702.
Increased access to HIV testing is essential in working towards universal access to HIV prevention and treatment in resource-limited countries. The authors evaluated currently used HIV diagnostic tests and algorithms in Cameroon for their ability to correctly identify HIV infections. They estimated sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of 5 rapid/simple tests, of which 3 were used by the national program, and 2 fourth generation ELISAs. The reference panel included 500 locally collected samples; 187 HIV -1 M, 10 HIV-1 O, 259 HIV negative and 44 HIV indeterminate plasmas. None of the 5 rapid assays and only 1 ELISA reached the current WHO/UNAIDS recommendations on performance of HIV tests of at least 99% sensitivity and 98% specificity. Overall, sensitivities ranged between 94.1% and 100%, while specificities were 88.0% to 98.8%. The combination of all assays generated up to 9% of samples with indeterminate HIV status, because they reacted discordantly with at least one of the different tests. Including HIV indeterminate samples in test efficiency calculations significantly decreased specificities to a range from 77.9% to 98.0%. Finally, two rapid assays failed to detect all HIV-1 group O variants tested, with one rapid test detecting only 2 out of 10 group O specimens. In the era of antiretroviral therapy scaling-up in Africa, significant proportions of false positive but also false negative results are still observed with HIV screening tests commonly used in Africa, resulting in inadequate treatment and prevention strategies. Depending on tests or algorithms used, up to 6% of HIV-1 M and 80% of HIV-1 O infected patients in Cameroon do not receive antiretroviral therapy and adequate counselling to prevent further transmission due to low sensitivities. Also, the use of tests with low specificities could imply inclusion of up to 12% HIV negative people in antiretroviral therapy programs and increase budgets in addition to inconveniences caused to patients.
J espere qu’ il ne la pas epousee!
Voila les affaires du Pays. wwoooouuuuaaaaaiiiiihhhh la malchance!!!!
la corruption est desormais comme une gangrene qui mine toute la societe camerounaise a tous les echelons malheureusement.